Questions about Australian woodworking culture

[Daniel80]

Hey guys,

Since I am from Europe I am interested in Aussi's woodworking culture...


I do have two questions


First:
Besides the metric system you also use the imperial. But in this forum I just have seen the use of imperial system.
I would like to know which one is the most common in Australia in general. I was wondering if I should also post in imperial...


2nd:
which wood types do you use most for woodworking in Australia. I know it heavily depends on what the use case is, but maybe you can give me
a rough idea what is used most for furnitures. How about the occurrences of the differnet wood types?


Thank you very much :)


Greets
Daniel

[elanjacobs]

Stick to metric. Most people don't use imperial unless they grew up with it or work with people who did.

[robbygard]

Hey guys,

Since I am from Europe I am interested in Aussi's woodworking culture...


I do have two questions


First:
Besides the metric system you also use the imperial. But in this forum I just have seen the use of imperial system.
I would like to know which one is the most common in Australia in general. I was wondering if I should also post in imperial...

metric is far more common ... personally i am a hybrid ... i tend and prefer to use imperial but that probably reflects my age ... my thicknesser is european though and uses metric so i do a quick convert and use metric then



2nd:
which wood types do you use most for woodworking in Australia. I know it heavily depends on what the use case is, but maybe you can give me
a rough idea what is used most for furnitures. How about the occurrences of the differnet wood types?


Thank you very much :)


Greets
Daniel

i don't know that i am representative of the group but i prefer harder woods so use redgum and bluegum, and for a lighter contrast tulip oak and generic eucalypt known locally as ash or oak (although really neither oak nor ash) ... i did score a truckload of WA karri cheaply so will use it when it dries enough ... it is quite hard but (this lot) a pinker colour than the redgum ... i also use WA jarrah a bit and on one occasion some WA marri but i found it a non-descript wood, hard enough but quite bland and i may as well use the local generic eucalypt

a lot of people use blackwood but it is a bit softer (and the main reason i don't use much is that my wife doesn't like it) .. i have used it with huon pine though as they set each other off nicely

welcome to you anyway

regards david

[jmk89]

Besides the metric system you also use the imperial. But in this forum I just have seen the use of imperial system.
I would like to know which one is the most common in Australia in general. I was wondering if I should also post in imperial...

Daniel
As others have already said, most of us have grown up using both systems. And some things just keep their "old' names - so timber that is nominally 100 mm x 50mm is still called "4 by 2".

I use both, even in the same project. I may mill the timber to 20mm in thickness and then use imperial measures to cut it to length. Or more frequently, I will determine lengths or widths by reference to the actual piece I am building, so it won't be any recognisable "round" number in any measuring system. But it fits!

But in terms of your own posts, use the system that you find most comfortable. We'll be able to follow (the only ones who won't are the guys from the USA, and they choose to be part of these forums and so they know that they are the odd ones out when it comes to measuring).




which wood types do you use most for woodworking in Australia. I know it heavily depends on what the use case is, but maybe you can give me
a rough idea what is used most for furnitures. How about the occurrences of the differnet wood types?

Australia has an extremely wide range of native timbers that are only common here and these tend to attract the attention of furniture makers here, so most of the timber used for furniture does not have a clear companion on other continents. Persoanlly my favourites are Tasmanian blackwood, Huon Pine, Kauri pine, Spotted Gum, River Sheoak and Australian Cedar.
Beware, many of the names are misleading - often the 'common' name of a timber is not an accurate description of the timber - Huon Pine is not a pine, Australlian cedar is not a member of the cedrela family! The early white settlers gave the timbers names that conveyed to them what the timber reminded them of rather than what was botanically accurate.

[ian]

I do have two questions

First:
Besides the metric system you also use the imperial. But in this forum I just have seen the use of imperial system.
I would like to know which one is the most common in Australia in general. I was wondering if I should also post in imperial...don't convert metric to imperial just to post here.

just use which ever measurement system you are most comfortable with -- or the system on the plans you may be following.

2nd:
which wood types do you use most for woodworking in Australia. I know it heavily depends on what the use case is, but maybe you can give me
a rough idea what is used most for furnitures. How about the occurrences of the differnet wood types?
the most "common" wood in Australia is probably construction grade pine -- mostly pinus radiata.

closely followed by construction grade mixed species hardwood which is used for decking

wood for furniture tends to be a specialised market and there's usually a fair representation of European and US species.

[Fuzzie]

I think the most common furniture timber in Australia is chipboard or mdf using blum or hettich system hardware. :D That is always speced in metric.

People posting to these forums are often amateures making bespoke things to fit in with or following old imperial plans. I'm currently building some doors. My concept plan is all metric, however some of my descriptions are in Imperial, mainly because the old tools I'm using to make the mouldings etc are old imperial wood planes and other tools.

[BobL]

How about the occurrences of the differnet wood types?l

Most Australians don't have clue regarding the wide variety of species we have in this country.
For example there are around 800 known types of Eucalypts (700 occurring in Western Australia).
Only a few, the most common of the larger types, are able to be turned into usable timber.

Some general info about Western Australian timbers can be obtained here
Species information (native forest) | Forest Products Commission (http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/forest-management/forests-timber-production/south-west-native-forestd/species-native-forest)
And plantation timbers here
Species information (Plantations) | Forest Products Commission (http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/forest-management/forests-timber-production/plantations/species-plantations)

Re Metric V imperial
Stick to metric

FWIW I use measurement units depending on my hands/brains on experience with the topic at hand
e.g.
For airflow and air pressures I usually think in imperial FPM, CFM and PSI.
For timber I can think seamlessly between the two systems, I get plenty of practice with imperial because I regularly (re)post on US websites.
For weight, volume, area, force, energy, and any physics stuff I think in metric but can swap between the two easily enough.

[DaveTTC]

Definitely think in Metric here. Though I will often say an inch instead of 25mm even though imperial had been phased out by the time I went to school

Dave TTC
Turning Wood Into Art

[Luke Maddux]

Definitely metric. I think imperial is mostly used verbally or when the tool or item is unavailable in a metric measurement, for example, "move that over about three inches" or "hand me the half inch bit".

The which kind of wood question is a tough one to answer, which is probably why you've gotten very vague responses.

In my outsider's experience there, it's mostly regional. It's not like in the US where Cherry, Maple, Oak, and Walnut are being grown and harvested in large quantities and shipped all over the place. Also, apparently every kind of wood is so rare that "you just can't get it anymore". Like literally... that's what just about every person I bought wood from over a 2.5 year period would say. Maybe it was my American accent. I dunno.

Another thing worth pointing out is that Australia has several different wood producing ecosystems that are vastly different. Tasmania, which is renowned for it's great furniture woods, ranges from temperate rainforest to subalpine forest. The most common timber bearing ecosystem is probably the drylands, which is where you find most of the eleven hundred some-odd Acacia species, among many hundreds of others. Several of the hardest and most dense woods in the world come from inland Australia. And then there is my personal favorite, which is the tropical rainforest ecosystem found mostly in Queensland. This is where you find many of the premier furniture quality species.

I think it would be tough to argue that the most well respected and widely exploited and exported furniture wood from Australia is Toona ciliata, or Australian Red Cedar. This is among the "True Mahogany" species, and was greatly appreciated by the British during the colonial period. I'm willing to bet that there are hundreds of pieces of furniture in the UK right now made of it which are simply called "Mahogany". It's a rainforest giant that works and finishes about as well as anything else anywhere.

Anyway, that's just my take, and I'm not even Australian (yet...), so what do I know? :D

Cheers,
Luke

[bueller]

Most Australians don't have clue regarding the wide variety of species we have in this country.
For example there are around 800 known types of Eucalypts (700 occurring in Western Australia).
Only a few, the most common of the larger types, are able to be turned into usable timber.

Some general info about Western Australian timbers can be obtained here
Species information (native forest) | Forest Products Commission (http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/forest-management/forests-timber-production/south-west-native-forestd/species-native-forest)
And plantation timbers here
Species information (Plantations) | Forest Products Commission (http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/forest-management/forests-timber-production/plantations/species-plantations)

Re Metric V imperial
Stick to metric

FWIW I use measurement units depending on my hands/brains on experience with the topic at hand
e.g.
For airflow and air pressures I usually think in imperial FPM, CFM and PSI.
For timber I can think seamlessly between the two systems, I get plenty of practice with imperial because I regularly (re)post on US websites.
For weight, volume, area, force, energy, and any physics stuff I think in metric but can swap between the two easily enough.
Yeah I was blown away once I started doing some reading on the species here in Australia. 'Woodwork - In Theory and Practice' has a chapter with a really nice chart that I often refer to. Really great book full of useful information and illustrations.

http://uploads.tapatalk-cdn.com/20161220/1eaa8db44d9a65b46f0e0f5816b82587.jpg

http://uploads.tapatalk-cdn.com/20161220/37cdccbd76bb44bc641ad129b02531d6.jpg

[ian]

Most Australians don't have clue regarding the wide variety of species we have in this country.

Many Australian's think that paper veneered termite barf is solid wood. It's the Freedom / Ikea effect.


A big difference is the number of different species available compared to Europe. 1000s in Australia, compared to 10 to 20 in Europe.
Also silviculture is still in its infancy in Australia. Most work has involved fast growing industrial species for framing timber or pulp wood.

[n40k]

Generally metric until you have to buy tools that are made in the US (like it or not, the US remains the largest market in everything). For example, they only sell router bits in imperial.

Only a fraction of tools in the world are in metric. Imperial based tools are of a bigger and more complete universe [emoji45]




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[Chief Tiff]

Australia is metric in principle... but many products are still sold in Imperial sizes. Translated into metric.

For instance sheet goods are no longer sold by feet but by mm. 6' x 4' not available anywhere but you can have a 2440mm x 1220mm.

Planks are priced by the metre but supplied by the foot; ie 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100mm etc.

The daftest one though is where Imperial fasteners are sold in metric lengths; eg 8g screws 30mm long; or 3/8" Whitworth bolts 50mm long.

Personally I use both and mix and match as I feel like it!

[Ironwood]

I grew up with both metric and imperial, I spent 26 years repairing American earthmoving machinery, so I had to work in imperial everything, it was annoying having to work on a metric machine. I have been out of that trade for 10 years now, and slowly have been changing my habits to work in metric, it is a far better system for measurement.
The only thing I still prefer using imperial for, is setting the valve clearances on my engines, I don't think I own a set of metric feeler gauges. I have no trouble converting point something of a millimetre into thousandths of an inch.

I think it is fair to say metric is the accepted system in Australia.

[elanjacobs]

For instance sheet goods are no longer sold by feet but by mm. 6' x 4' not available anywhere but you can have a 2440mm x 1220mm.
Except plywood which is 2400x1200 and very irritating when you're used to having the little bit extra.

[Mobyturns]

As a surveyor I have had to use several systems (imperial in both feet & inches, links, chains, miles and metric, plus a few others) of measurement through my career and have had to comply with legislation that mandates "traceability" of all of my measurements back to the legal standard. As others have said due to our age profile many of us grew up using pre-decimal currency and the British Imperial system of measurement then had to change to decimal currency in 1966 and in the mid 1970's to the metric system of measurement. So older folk can easily work in both but some are stuck to imperial still.

The legal system of measurement however is the SI System or metric as mandated by the National Measurement Act. How Australia's Measurement System Works (http://www.measurement.gov.au/measurementsystem/Pages/HowAustraliasMeasurementSystemWorks.aspx)

Timber species commonly used on "special projects", well that is also a regional matter as well due to easy availability of local high quality species and the very different forest types. We have (or had) access to timbers from tropical monsoon forests to arid desert country.

Woodworkers in say the Wet Tropics (Cooktown to Townsville) will mostly use tropical rainforest species (QLD Maple, Northern Silky Oak, Maple Silkwood, Silver Ash, Red Cedar, ). Move further south to Central QLD say Mackay etc the timbers become more like Mackay, Red & White Cedar, Damson. South QLD & Northern NSW they use temperate rainforest species that include Southern Silky Oak, Red Mahogany etc, however Red Cedar grows (or grew) in all of those forests. In the drier schlerophyl forests (over the Great Dividing Range) species like Turpentine (wharf piling etc), Rose Gums, Ironbarks, Bloodwoods, Boxes and many of the 800 odd species of Eucalypts have been very economically important for everything from furniture timbers to railway sleepers, bridge & wharf timbers etc.

Move even further south into Victoria they use VIC/Alpine ash (a eucalypt), but in Tasmania species like Huon Pine, King Billy Pine, Blackheart Sassafras are iconic. Move away from the coastal strip the timbers become Red Gum and the exotic Camphor Laurel in NSW & VIC, Black Wattle, Gidgees, Brigalow and dryer inland species in the semi arid sparse woodlands. Over in WA Jarrah, Tingle, Marri, Tuart, etc become the norm in their SW forests but a host of timbers like Sheoaks in the semi arid and arid regions.

Conservatively there would be perhaps well in excess of two hundred domestic species of timber that has been commercially marketed in volume over the years but the most exploited would have to include Australian Red Cedar (red Cedar), Northern Silky Oak. QLD Maple, Jarrah, Huon Pine, Sassafras, and the Alpine / Vic Ash species.

However the largest volumes of timber used are construction grade plantation grown "pines" and furniture grade VIC/Alpine ash (a trade name for a number of eucalypts), and imported species from SE Asia & the Pacific - Merbau / Kwilia (exterior decking, posts etc), Pacific Mahogany and New Guinea Rosewood, Surian Cedar (like Red Cedar) etc for joinery & furniture. Over the years there has been a lot of North American timbers like Canadian Hemlock, Douglas Fir, Western Red Cedar imported & used in construction.

Plus there has been heavily exploited timbers like the Sandalwoods for export as aromatic timber products.

[Glider]

Unlike Britain which made a token change, Australia made a "hard" change to metric in 1970 which was finally completed in 1988. Apart from American imports which are imperial of course, the only units remaining are used in aviation and navigation. Nautical miles still make more sense than kilometres. For woodworking, metric is far superior.

Interestingly, the US military use metric distance probably as a result of the NATO alliance.

mick

[Daniel80]

Hi,


thanks so much for your very detailed explanations about the variety of Austrialien wood.
I totaly underestimated the huge variety .... You are really blessed with your wood.

As you already mentioned, in Europe you are really limited to a few wood types, especially if it comes
to building furnitures using hard wood.
Also the prices are bit expensive... you have to pay about 60-70€/sqm for common types oak or ache
for glued wood sheets...

When I visited AU I heard about a "widow maker" tree, I think it should be an eucalypt tree . They said
the tree throws off its branches without any warning :) and its wood density should be much higher than water
(I hope I don t mix anything :) ).


I am glad to stick to the metric system to exchange with you.
I sometimes wonder on how one can be accurate with imperial descriptions when it comes to high accuracy
(mm and smaller).

But in Germany we still also stick to imperial when dealing with plumbing. But thats the only one I know. Kind of wired...


Thanks so much for your answers, it will take some time for me to study your wood types (I am very interested !!).


Greets

Daniel

[AlexS]

When I visited AU I heard about a "widow maker" tree, I think it should be an eucalypt tree
The term "widow maker" is applied generally to most tall eucalypts (aka gum) trees. They can drop branches in strong winds, or for no obvious reason. It's believed that this can be in response to prolonged dry weather, but there may be other reasons.


As a surveyor I have had to use several systems (imperial in both feet & inches, links, chains, miles and metric, plus a few others) of measurement through my career and have had to comply with legislation that mandates "traceability" of all of my measurements back to the legal standard.
Mobyturns, I don't know if you're aware, but inside the old Lands Department building in Bridge St. Sydney, there are brass plugs in the floor which were the standards against which chains used to be checked. Also, in an outside wall is a brass plug which used to be the reference for elevation, and across the road is the obelisk from which all distances were measured. There used to be an observatory on the roof, but that is long gone. I suspect that the brass plugs in the floor will also be gone soon, along with the beautiful woodwork and wrought iron work inside, as the government proposes to sell the building.

[Mobyturns]

Mobyturns, I don't know if you're aware, but inside the old Lands Department building in Bridge St. Sydney, there are brass plugs in the floor which were the standards against which chains used to be checked. Also, in an outside wall is a brass plug which used to be the reference for elevation, and across the road is the obelisk from which all distances were measured. There used to be an observatory on the roof, but that is long gone. I suspect that the brass plugs in the floor will also be gone soon, along with the beautiful woodwork and wrought iron work inside, as the government proposes to sell the building.

Its a shame a lot of that heritage is being lost. The brass plugs or Permanent Survey Marks as we call them when used in a system were called a "subsidiary standard."

They were referenced to the State or National standards but were used to check (calibrate) the chains or steel bands in every day use. Chains were outlawed in the late 1800's and the older surveyors carried a "standard link" which was used to check each link in the chain. In my early career we used steel (invar) bands either 3 x 0.5mm or 1.5 x 0.5mm but each surveyors office usually held a "standard chain" which was calibrated against the regional standard and used to check the working chains. Later as Electronic Distance Measurement became accepted in the late 1970's for everyday surveying tasks a system of pillared Permanent Survey Marks was developed to calibrate the EDM's and were installed in regional areas. At regular intervals, usually yearly the "base" is calibrated to the national standard, and working EDM's calibrated to the regional standard six monthly.

If you have an interest look up http://www.lpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/201565/2015_Janssen_APAS2015_best_practice_performing_EDM_calibrations_in_NSW.pdf https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/105809/edme-comparison-procedure.pdf

Another important part of our survey history is also being lost over time as the original control surveys of each state were done as trigonometric surveys where a very precisely measured baseline was established then distance calculated by trigonometry through the rest of the survey network. Measuring the original pillared base lines was a time consuming and onerous process, now they have been lost to development. Distance could not practically be measured directly until the late 1950's with the introduction of the first long range microwave distance measuring equipment - Tellurometer MRA1. Most of the trig surveys were completed well before then so upgrades of the trig network were done to improve accuracy. Now everything is done by GPS which is proving very difficult to "calibrate."

Many surveyors have visited the repurposed offices of our forebears. I think the Treasury Casino in Brisbane housed the Surveyor General's offices in times past. Recently I was visiting a clinic and the room we were in was very close to the original Main Roads regional surveyors office.

[Mobyturns]

When I visited AU I heard about a "widow maker" tree, I think it should be an eucalypt tree . They said
the tree throws off its branches without any warning :) and its wood density should be much higher than water
(I hope I don t mix anything :) ).

Did they warn you about drop bears???

[AlexS]

Thanks Mobyturns. Re the trig baseline, when I was in the army we walked the NSW baseline, which was in western Sydney. I suspect it has now been subdivided & built over.
I did my initial survey training just as EDM was coming in, in the early '70s, but mainly used chains & theodolites - even did a bit of plane tabling (sure get to use that a lot!:rolleyes:).
When I visited a colleague in Adelaide in the early '70s he took me to their survey museum - I think it was in their Lands Dept building - which was very interesting, and also had a look at the meeting room of the Governor in Council, which had been beautifully restored.

Sorry about the thread drift, hope everyone else finds it at least a bit interesting.

[Daniel80]

Did they warn you about drop bears???

dropping bears ? lol Koalas?



The next thing I would be interested in is on which tool brands do you stick with ?
Especially the brands you use at home for furniture making.

I think triton should be widely spread, I also own the TRA001 Router as built in router in my table and I am truly satisfied with it.


I personally have made good experiences with makita tools as I think these tools are a good standard in one's furniture making shed.
I own the ls1018l (cmpound miter saw), bo5041 (circular sander), RT0700C, PJ7000 and some drillers.

For bosch tools, I have tried the green and blue lines and i can say I am not fully satisfied with these tools (quality issues). Even with the blue ones (I own the
Bosch Professional GBS 75 AE Set).

When I started making furnitures i realized that the accuracy of some of these tools is just not high enough.
So when it comes to real accuracy I want to use festool (I own the TS55). Amazing toys :)


Thanks,

Daniel

[node105]

dropping bears ? lol Koalas?


and the Bunyips, don't forget the Bunyips, they're vicious buggers.

[ian]

dropping bears ? lol Koalas?
from the Australian Museum http://australianmuseum.net.au/drop-bear the Drop Bear, Thylarctos plummetus, is a large, arboreal, predatory marsupial related to the Koala.

Identification
Around the size of a leopard or very large dog with coarse orange fur with some darker mottled patterning (as seen in most Koalas). It is a heavily built animal with powerful forearms for climbing and holding on to prey. It lacks canines, using broad powerful premolars as biting tools instead.

Distribution
Drop Bears can be found in the densely forested regions of the Great Dividing Range in South-eastern Australia. However there are also some reports of them from South-east South Australia, Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island.

Feeding and Diet
Examination of kill sites and scats suggest mainly medium to large species of mammal make a substantial proportion of the animal's diet. Often, prey such as macropods are larger than the Drop Bear itself.
Drop Bears hunt by ambushing ground dwelling animals from above, waiting up to as much as four hours to make a surprise kill. Once prey is within view, the Drop Bear will drop as much as eight metres to pounce on top of the unsuspecting victim. The initial impact often stuns the prey, allowing it to be bitten on the neck and quickly subdued.

If the prey is small enough Drop Bears will haul it back up the tree to feed without harassment from other predators.

Danger to humans and first aid
Bush walkers have been known to be 'dropped on' by drop bears, resulting in injury including mainly lacerations and occasionally bites. Most attacks are considered accidental and there are no reports of incidents being fatal.
There are some suggested folk remedies that are said to act as a repellent to Drop Bears, these include having forks in the hair or Vegemite or toothpaste spread behind the ears. There is no evidence to suggest that any such repellents work.

Further Reading
Janssen, V. 2012. Indirect tracking of drop bears using GNSS technology (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00049182.2012.731307). Australian Geographer, 43 (4). pp. 445-452.
http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Images/18487/Drop%20Bear_big.jpg (http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/Drop-Bear/)

Drop Bear distribution map
Photographer: © Australian Museum

[Chief Tiff]

One drop bear...

402767

[DaveTTC]

Peter Pan will save me

Dave TTC
Turning Wood Into Art

[Daniel80]

Hi,

yes I have been told about the drop bears. I bought much tooth paste after I tried speaking with australian acent without success. And I can say it saved my live.
Always important to read travel guides before going Down Under :)



Any preferences of brands for home furnituring?


Thanks
Daniel

[wood spirit]

Metric is the go for most -however most will also understand & convert imperial-but I wouldn't use the strange American terms like 6/4, in Aus it would be 1 1/2".
Timbers tend to be localised or have to be hunted down from specialists apart from general building timbers at local hardwares (mostly radiata pine & Tassie oak/mountain ash-more of a trade term for a variety of similar specie than proper terms. Decking has some more variety but limited sizes.) However variety can be great and can offer huge choices for individual projects colour, grain, strength, hardness, outdoor durability, all best decided from what you can find to suit you're project.
Last few years I've mostly been using assorted recycled hardwoods which seem to have come from old practices of clear felling mixed species for framing timber (you're tools will tell you when you find iron bark!) as well as some redgum from old posts etc. Sometimes pieces have to be sorted for colour /grain and often I can only guess at the exact species, but much of it is close enough. The only particular trend that I've noticed in the last decade or so is messmate with prominent gum veins becoming not only acceptable but desirable.
Others and the net will give you a better idea of regional dispersal. My personal favorites have been snakewood and raspberry jam -both desert /dry country woods stumbled across over the years (good turning very tight grain).

[Chrism3]

Here's a useful site for timber info
Furniture Timber Gallery (http://www.monarotimber.com.au/timber_gallery_furniture.htm)

[Pagie]

I worked with a Dutch builder and he had a tape with imperial on one side and metric on the other. He would measure things and say 5 metres, turn the tape over and say 4 and a 1/4 inches. babies are still measured in Pounds. Don't forget Hoop Snakes. They get you when you walk away from the trees.

[DaveVman]

Definitely in metric. Plumbing is definitely metric as well by the way.
The problem is that old houses and some imported tools are imperial. This causes me frustration and much wasted time trying to come up with a custom made solution to adapt them to metric.
We went to metric before I started school so I don't understand imperial, have no interest in it and never found it helpful. In fact it is simply a source of problems.
For example. I have an old house which I am renovating. This is time consuming and expensive, largely because of the need to adapt to the old parts in imperial.

Also woodworking tools have been extremely slow to change. Partly this is because many are still designed for the US market. Places like Germany make some excellent tools in metric but they have been slow to find a way to supply those metric tools cheaply to Asia Pacific. This is surprising because the DIY market in East Asia Pacific and South America is set to expand rapidly as living standards rise and cultural norms change.

As for woods - that requires a book and something I am yet to learn myself.

As for culture, the fact you asked a respectful question in perfect English and you ended up with advice about drop bears probably sums us up perfectly.

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